The Carriage by Air Act, 1972

THE FIRST SCHEDULE

(See section 3)

CHAPTER I

RULES

SCOPE—DEFINITIONS

1. (1) These rules apply to all international carriage of persons, luggage or goods performed by

aircraft for reward. They apply also to such carriage when performed gratuitously by an air transport

undertaking.

(2) In these rules, “High Contracting Party” means a High Contracting Party to the Convention.

(3) For the purposes of these rules, the expression “international carriage” means any carriage in

which according to the contract made by the parties, the place of departure and the place of destination,

whether or not there be a break in the carriage or a transhipment, are situated either within the territories

of two High Contracting Parties, or within the territory of a single High Contracting Party, if there is an

agreed stopping place within a territory subject to the sovereignty, suzerainty, mandate or authority of

another Power, even though that Power is not a party to the Convention. A carriage without such an

agreed stopping place between territories subject to the sovereignty, suzerainty, mandate or authority of

the same High Contracting Party is not deemed to be international for the purposes of these rules.

(4) A carriage to be performed by several successive air carriers is deemed, for the purposes of these

rules, to be one undivided carriage, if it has been regarded by the parties as a single operation, whether it

has been agreed upon under the form of a single contract or of a series of contracts, and it does not lose its

international character merely because one contract or a series of contracts is to be performed entirely

within a territory subject to the sovereignty, suzerainty, mandate or authority of the same High

Contracting Party.

2. (1) These rules apply to carriage performed by the State or by legally constituted public bodies

provided it falls within the conditions laid down in rule 1.

(2) These rules do not apply to carriage performed under the terms of any international postal

Convention.

CHAPTER II

DOCUMENTS OFCARRIAGE

PartI.—Passenger ticket

3. (1) For the carriage of passengers the carrier must deliver a passenger ticket which shall contain the

following particulars:—

(a) the place and date of issue;

(b) the place of departure and of destination;

(c) the agreed stopping places, provided that the carrier may reserve the right to alter the stopping

places in case of necessity, and that if he exercised that right, the alteration shall not have the effect of

depriving the carriage of its international character;

(d) the name and address of the carrier or carriers;

(e) a statement that the carriage is subject to the rules relating to liability contained in this

Schedule.

(2) The absence, irregularity or loss of the passenger ticket does not affect the existence or the

validity of the contract of carriage, which shall nonetheless be subject to these rules. Nevertheless, if the

carrier accepts a passenger without a passenger ticket having been delivered he shall not be entitled to

avail himself of those provisions of this Schedule which exclude or limit his liability.

Part II.—Luggage ticket

4. (1) For the carriage of luggage, other than small personal objects of which the passenger takes

charge himself, the carrier must deliver a luggage ticket.

(2) The luggage ticket shall be made out in duplicate, one part for the passenger and the other part for

the carrier.

(3) The luggage ticket shall contain the following particulars:—

(a) the place and date of issue;

(b) the place of departure and of destination;

(c) the name and address of the carrier or carriers;

(d) thenumber of the passenger ticket;

(e) a statement that delivery of the luggage will be made to the bearer of the luggage ticket;

(f) the number and weight of the packages;

(g) the amount of the value declared in accordance with rule 22(2);

(h) a statement that the carriage is subject to the rules relating to liability contained in this

Schedule.

(4) The absence, irregularity or loss of the luggage ticket does not affect the existence or the validity

of the contract of carriage, which shall none the less be subject to these rules. Nevertheless, if the carrier

accepts luggage without a luggage ticket having been delivered, or if the luggage ticket does not contain

the particulars  set out at (d), (f) and (h) of sub-rule (3), the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of

those provisions of this Schedule which exclude or limit his liability.

Part III.—Air consignment note

5. (1) Every carrier of goods has the right to require the consignor to make out and hand over to him a

document called an “air consignment note”; every consignor has the right to require the carrier to accept

this document.

(2) The absence, irregularity or loss of this document does not affect the existence or the validity of

the contract of carriage which shall, subject to the provisions of rule 9, be nonetheless governed by these

rules.

6. (1) The air consignment note shall be made out by the consignor in three original parts and be

handed over with the goods.

(2) The first part shall be marked “for the carrier” and shall be signed by the consignor. The second

part shall be marked “for the consignee”; it shall be signed by the consignor and by the carrier and shall

accompany the goods. The third part shall be signed by the carrier and handed by him to the consignor

after the goods have been accepted.

(3) The carrier shall sign an acceptance of the goods.

(4) The signature of the carrier may be stamped; that of the consignor may be printed or stamped.

(5) If, at the request of the consignor, the carrier makes out the air consignment note, he shall be

deemed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have done so on behalf of the consignor.

7. The carrier of goods has the right to require the consignor to make out separate consignment notes

when there is more than one package.

8. The air consignment note shall contain the following particulars:—

(a) the place and date of its execution;

(b) the place of departure and of destination;

(c) the agreed stopping places, provided that the carrier may reserve the right to alter the stopping

places in case of necessity, and that if he exercises that right the alteration shall not have the effect of

depriving the carriage of its international character;

(d) the name and address of the consignor;

(e) the name and address of the first carrier;

(f) the name and address of the consignee, if the case so requires;

(g) the nature of the goods;

(h) the number of the packages, the method of packing and the particular marks or numbers upon

them;

(i) the weight, the quantity and the volume or dimensions of the goods;

(j) the apparent condition of the goods and of the packing;

(k) the freight, if it has been agreed upon, the date and place of payment, and the person who is to

pay it;

(l) if the goods are sent for payment on delivery, the price of the goods, and if the case so

requires, the amount of the expenses incurred;

(m) the amount of the value declared in accordance with rule 22(2);

(n) the number of parts of the air consignment note;

(o) the documents handed to the carrier to accompany the air consignment note;

(p) the time fixed for the completion of the carriage and a brief note of the route to be followed, if

these matters have been agreed upon;

(q) a statement that the carriage is subject to the rules relating to liability contained in this

Schedule.

9. If the carrier accepts goods without an air consignment note having been made out, or if the air

consignment note does not contain all the particulars set out in rule 8 (a) to (i) inclusive and (q), the

carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of this Schedule which exclude or limit his

liability.

10. (1) The consignor is responsible for the correctness of the particulars and statements relating to

the goods which he inserts in the air consignment note.

(2) The consignor will be liable for all damage suffered by the carrier or any other person by reason

of the irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of the said particulars and statements.

11. (1) The air consignment note is prima facie evidence of the conclusion of the contract, of the

receipt of the goods and of the conditions of carriage.

(2) The statements in the air consignment note relating to the weight, dimensions and packing of the

goods, as well as those relating to the number of packages, are prima facie evidence of the facts stated;

those relating to the quantity, volume and condition of the goods do not constitute evidence against the

carrier except so far as they both have been, and are stated in the air consignment note to have been,

checked by him in the presence of the consignor, or relate to the apparent condition of the goods.

12. (1) Subject to his liability to carry out all his obligations under the contract of carriage, the

consignor has the right to dispose of the goods by withdrawing them at the aerodrome of departure or

destination, or by stopping them in the course of the journey on any landing or, by calling for them to be

delivered at the place of destination or in the course of the journey to a person other than the consignee

named in the air consignment note, or by requiring them to be returned to the aerodrome of departure. He

must not exercise the right of disposition in such a way as to prejudice the carrier or other consignors and

he must repay any expenses occasioned by the exercise of this right.

(2) If it is impossible to carry out the orders of the consignor the carrier must so inform him forthwith.

(3) If the carrier obeys the orders of the consignor for the disposition of the goods without requiring

the production of the part of the air consignment note delivered to the latter, he will be liable, without

prejudice to his right of recovery from the consignor, for any damage which may be caused thereby to any

person who is lawfully in possession of that part of the air consignment note.

(4) The right conferred on the consignor ceases at the moment when that of the consignee begins in

accordance with rule13. Nevertheless, if the consignee declines to accept the consignment note or the

goods, or if he cannot be communicated with, the consignor resumes his rights of dispositions.

13. (1) Except in the circumstances set out in rule 12, the consignee is entitled, on arrival of the goods

at the place of destination, to require the carrier to hand over to him the air consignment note and to

deliver the goods to him, on payment of the charges due and on complying with the conditions of carriage

set out in the air consignment note.

(2) Uuless it is otherwise agreed, it is the duty of the carrier to give notice to the consignee as soon as

the goods arrive.

(3) If the carrier admits the loss of the goods, or if the goods have not arrived at the expiration of

seven days after the date on which they ought to have arrived, the consignee is entitled to put into force

against the carrier the rights which flow from the contract of carriage.

14. The consignor and the consignee can respectively enforce all the rights given to them by rules 12

and 13, each in his own name, whether he is acting in his own interest or in the interest of another,

provided that he carries out the obligations imposed by the contract.

15. (1) Rules 12, 13 and 14 do not affect either the relations of the consignor or the consignee, with

each other or the mutual relations of third parties whose rights are derived either from the consignor or

from the consignee.

(2) The provisions of rules 12, 13 and 14 can only be varied by express provision in the air

consignment note.

16. (1) The consignor must furnish such information and attach to the air consignment note such

documents as are necessary to meet the formalities of customs, octroi or police before the goods can be

delivered to the consignee. The consignor is liable to the carrier for any damage occasioned by the

absence, insufficiency or irregularity of any such information or documents, unless the damage is due to

the fault of the carrier or his agents.

(2) The carrier is under no obligation to enquire into the correctness or sufficiency of such

information or documents.

CHAPTER III

LIABILITY OF THE CARRIER

17. The carrier is liable for damage sustained in the event of the death or wounding of a passenger or

any other bodily injury suffered by a passenger, if the accident which caused the damage so sustained

took place on board the aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking.

18. (1) The carrier is liable for damage sustained in the event of the destruction or loss of, or of

damage to, any registered luggage or any goods, if the occurrence which caused the damage so sustained

took place during the carriage by air.

(2) The carriage by air within the meaning of sub-rule (1) comprises the period during which the

luggage or goods are in charge of the carrier, whether in an aerodrome or on board an aircraft or, in the

case of a landing outside an aerodrome, in any place whatsoever.

(3) The period of the carriage by air does not extend to any carriage by land, by sea or by river

performed outside an aerodrome. If, however, such a carriage takes place in the performance of a contract

for carriage by air, for the purpose of loading, delivery or transhipment, any damage is presumed, subject

to proof to the contrary, to have been the result of an event which took place during the carriage by air.

19. The carrier is liable for damage occasioned by delay in the carriage by air of passengers, luggage

or goods.

20. (1) The carrier is not liable if he proves that he and his agents have taken all necessary measures

to avoid the damage or that it was impossible for him or them to take such measures.

(2) In the carriage of goods and luggage the carrier is not liable if he proves that the damage was

occasioned by negligent pilotage or negligence in the handling of the aircraft or in navigation and that, in

all other respects, he and his agents have taken all necessary measures to avoid the damage.

21. If the carrier proves that the damage was caused by or contributed to by the negligence of the

injured person the Court may exonerate the carrier wholly or partly from his liability.

22. (1) In the carriage of passengers the liability of the carrier for each passenger is limited to the sum

of 1,25,000 francs. Where damages may be awarded in the form of periodical payments, the equivalent

capital value of the said payments shall not exceed 1,25,000 francs. Nevertheless, by special contract the

carrier and the passenger may agree to a higher limit of liability.

(2) In the carriage of registered luggage and of goods, the liability of the carrier is limited to a sum of

250 francs per kilogramme, unless the consignor has made, at the time when the package was handed

over to the carrier, a special declaration of the value at delivery and has paid a supplementary sum if the

case so requires. In that case the carrier will be liable to pay a sum not exceeding the declared sum, unless

he proves that that sum is greater than the actual value to the consignor at delivery.

(3) As regards objects of which the passenger takes charge himself the liability of the carrier is

limited to 5,000 francs per passenger.

(4) The sums mentioned in this rule shall be deemed to refer to the French franc consisting of sixty-

five and a half milligrammes gold of millesimal fineness nine hundred.

23. (1) Any provision tending to relieve the carrier of liability or to fix a lower limit then that which is

laid down in these rules shall be null and void, but the nullity of any such provision does not involve the

nullity of the whole contract which shall remain subject to the provisions of this Schedule.

24. (1) In the cases covered by rules 18 and 19 any action for damages, however founded, can only

brought subject to the conditions and limits set out in this Schedule.

(2) In the cases covered by rule 17, the provisions of sub-rule (1) also apply, without prejudice to the

questions as to who are the persons who have the right to bring suit and what are their respective rights.

25. (1) The carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of this Schedule which

exclude or limit his liability, if the damage is caused by his wilful misconduct or by such default on his

part as is in the opinion of the Court equivalent to wilful misconduct.

(2) Similarly the carrier shall not be entitled to avail himself of the said provisions, if the damage is

caused as aforesaid by any agent of the carrier acting within the scope of his employment.

26. (1) Receipt by the person entitled to delivery of luggage or goods without complaint is prima

facie evidence that the same have been delivered in good condition and in accordance with the document

of carriage.

(2) In the case of damage, the person entitled to delivery must complain to the carrier forthwith after

the discovery of the damage, and, at the latest, within three days from the date of receipt in the case of

luggage and seven days from the date of receipt in the case of goods. In the case of delay the complaint

must be made at the latest within fourteen days from the date on which the luggage or goods have been

placed at his disposal.

(3) Every complaint must be made in writing upon the document of carriage or by separate notice in

writing despatched within the times aforesaid.

(4) Failing complaint within the times aforesaid, no action shall lie against the carrier, save in the case

of fraud on his part.

27. In the case of the death of the person liable, an action for damages lies in accordance with these

rules against those legally representing his estate.

28. An action for damages must be brought at the option of the plaintiff, either before the Court

having jurisdiction where the carrier is ordinarily resident, or has his principal place of business, or has an

establishment by which the contract has been made or before the Court having jurisdiction at the place of

destination.

29. The right of damages shall be extinguished if an action is not brought within two years, reckoned

from the date of arrival at the destination, or from the date on which the aircraft ought to have arrived, or

from the date on which the carriage stopped.

30. (1) In the case of carriage to be performed by various successive carriers and falling within the

definition set out in sub-rule (4) of rule 1, each carrier who accepts passengers, luggage or goods is

subjected to the rules set out in this Schedule, and is deemed to be one of the contracting parties to the

contract of carriage in so far as the contract deals with that part of the carriage which is performed under

his supervision.

(2) In the case of carriage of this nature, the passenger or his representative can take action only

against the carrier who performed the carriage during which the accident or the delay occurred, save in

the case where, by express agreement, the first carrier has assumed liability for the whole journey.

(3) As regards luggage or goods, the passenger or consignor will have a right of action against the

first carrier, and the passenger or consignee who is entitled to delivery will have a right of action against

the last carrier, and further, each may take action against the carrier who performed the carriage during

which the destruction, loss, damage or delay took place. These carriers will be jointly and severally liable

to the passenger or to the consignor or consignee.

CHAPTER IV

PROVISIONS RELATING TO COMBINED CARRIAGE

31. (1) In the case of combined carriage performed partly by air and partly by any other mode of

carriage, the provisions of this Schedule apply only to the carriage by air, provided that the carriage by air

falls within the terms of rule 1.

(2) Nothing in this Schedule shall prevent the parties in the case of combined carriage from inserting

in the document of air carriage conditions ralating to other modes of carriage, provided that the provisions

of this Schedule are observed as regards the carriage by air.

CHAPTER V

GENERAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS

32. Any clause contained in the contract and all special agreements entered into before the damage

occurred by which the parties purport to infringe the rules laid down by this Schedule, whether by

deciding the law to be applied, or by altering the rules as to jurisdiction, shall be null and void.

Nevertheless for the carriage of goods arbitration clauses are allowed, subject to these rules, if the

arbitration is to take place in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties within one of the

jurisdiction referred to in rule 28.

33. Nothing contained in this Schedule shall prevent the carrier either from refusing to enter into any

contract of carriage, or from making regulations which do not conflict with the provisions of this

Schedule.

34. This Schedule does not apply to international carriage by air performed by way of experimental

trial by air navigation undertakings with the view to the establishment of a regular line of air navigation,

nor does it apply to carriage performed in extraordinary circumstances outside the normal scope of an

aircarrier’s business.

35. The expression “days” when used in these rules means current days, not working days.

36. When a High Contracting Party has declared at the time of ratification of or of accession to the

Convention that sub-rule (1) of rule 2 of these rules shall not apply to international carriage by air

performed directly by the State, its colonies, protectorates or mandated territories or by any other territory

under its sovereignty suzerainty or authority, these rules shall not apply to international carriage by air so

performed.

THE SECOND SCHEDULE

 (See section 4)

RULES

CHAPTER I

SCOPE-DEFINITIONS

1. (1) These rules apply to all international carriage of persons, baggage or cargo performed by

aircraft for reward. They apply equally to gratuitous carriage by aircraft performed by an air transport

undertaking.

(2) In these rules, “High Contracting Party” means a High Contracting Party to the amended

Convention.

(3) for the purposes of these rules, the expression “International carriage” means any carriage in

which, according to the agreement between the parties, the place of departure and the place of destination,

whether or not there be a break in the carriage or a transhipment, are situated either within the territories

of two High Contracting Parties or within the territory of a single High Contracting Party if there is an

agreed stopping place within the territory of another State, even if that State is not a High Contracting

Party. Carriage between two points within the territory of a single High Contracting Party without an

agreed stopping place within the territory of another State is not international carriage for the purposes of

these rules.

(4) Carriage to be performed by several successive air carriers is deemed, for the purposes of these

rules, to be one undivided carriage if it has been regarded by the parties as a single operation, whether it

had been agreed upon under the form of a single contract or of a series of contracts, and it does not lose

its international character merely because one contract or a series of contracts is to be performed entirely

within the territory of the same State.

2. (1) These rules apply to carriage performed by the State or by legally constituted public bodies

provided it falls within the conditions laid down in rule 1.

(2) These rules shall not apply to carriage of mail and postal packages.

CHAPTER II

DOCUMENTS OF CARRIAGE

Part I.—Passenger ticket

3. (1) In respect of the carriage of passengers a ticket shall be delivered containing:

(a) an indication of the places of departure and destination;

(b) if the places of departure and destination are within the territory of a single High Contracting

Party, one or more agreed stopping places being within the territory of another State, an indication of

at least one such stopping place;

(c) a notice to the effect that, if the passenger’s journey involves an ultimate destination or stop in

a country other than the country of departure, the amended Convention may be applicable and that the

amended Convention governs and in most cases limits the liability of carriers for death or personal

injury and in respect of loss, or damage to, baggage.

(2) The passenger ticket shall constitute prima facie evidence of the conclusion and conditions of the

contract of carriage. The absence, irregularity or loss of the passenger ticket does not affect the existence

or the validity of the contract of carriage which shall, nonetheless,be subject to these rules. Nevertheless,

if, with the consent of the carrier, the passenger embarks without a passenger ticket having been

delivered, or if the ticket does not include the notice required by sub-rule (1) (c) of this rule, the carrier

shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of rule 22.

Part II.—Baggage check

4. (1) In respect of the carriage of registered baggage, a baggage check shall be delivered, which,

unless combined with or incorporated in a passenger ticket which complies with the provisions of sub-

rule (1) of rule 3 shall contain:

(a) an indication of the places of departure and destination;

(b) if the places of departure and destination are within the territory of a single High Contracting

Party, one or more agreed stopping places being within the territory of another State, an indication of

at least one such stopping place;

(c) a notice to the effect that, if the carriage involves an ultimate destination or stop in a country

other than the country of departure, the amended Convention may be applicable and that the amended

Convention governs and in most cases limits the liability of carriers in respect of loss of, or damage

to, baggage.

(2) The baggage check shall constitute prima facie evidence of the registration of the baggage and of

the conditions of the contract of carriage. The absence, irregularity or loss of the baggage check does not

affect the existence or the validity of the contract of carriage which shall, nonetheless, be subject to these

rules. Nevertheless, if the carrier takes charge of the baggage without a baggage check having been

delivered or if the baggage check [unless combined with or incorporated in the passenger ticket which

complies with the provisions of sub-rule (1) (c) of rule 3] does not include the notice required by sub-rule

(1) (c) of this rule, he shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of sub-rule (2) of rule 22.

Part III.—Air waybill

5. (1) Every carrier of cargo has the right to require the consignor to make out and hand over to him a

document called an “air waybill”; every consignor has the right to require the carrier to accept this

document.

(2) The absence, irregularity or loss of this document does not affect the existence or the validity of

the contract of carriage which shall, subject to the provisions of rule 9, be nonetheless governed by these

rules.

6. (1) The air waybill shall be made out by the consignor in three original parts and be handed over

with the cargo.

(2) The first part shall be marked “for the carrier”, and shall be signed by the consignor. The second

part shall be marked “for the consignee”; it shall be signed by the consignor and by the carrier and shall

accompany the cargo. The third part shall be signed by the carrier and handed by him to the consignor

after the cargo has been accepted.

(3) The carrier shall sign prior to the loading of the cargo or board the aircraft.

(4) The signature of the carrier may be stamped; that of the consignor may be printed or stamped.

(5) If, at the request of the consignor, the carrier makes out the air waybill, he shall be deemed,

subject to proof to the contrary, to have done so on behalf of the consignor.

7. The carrier of cargo has the right to require the consignor to make out separate waybills when there

is more than one package.

8. The air waybill shall contain:

(a) an indication of the places of departure and destination;

(b) if the places of departure and destination are within the territory of a single High Contracting

Party, one or more agreed stopping places being within the territory of another State, an indication of

at least one such stopping place;

(c) a notice to the consignor to the effect that, if the carriage involves an ultimate destination or

stop in a country other than the country of departure, the amended Convention may by applicable and

that the amended Convention governs and in most cases limits the liability of carriers in respect of

loss of, or damage to, cargo.

9. If, with the consent of the carrier, cargo is loaded on board the aircraft without an air waybill

having been made out, or if the air waybill does not include the notice required by rule 8(c), the carrier

shall not be entitled to avail himself of the provisions of sub-rule (2) of rule 22.

10. (1) The consignor is responsible for the correctness of the particulars and statements relating to

the cargo which he inserts in the air waybill.

(2) The consignor shall indemnify the carrier against all damage suffered by him, or by any other

person to whom the carrier is liable, by reason of the irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of the

particulars and statements furnished by the consignor.

11. (1) The air waybill is prima facie evidence of the conclusion of the contract, of the receipt of the

cargo and of the conditions of carriage.

(2) The statements in the air waybill relating to the weight, dimensions and packing of the cargo, as

well as those relating to the number of packages, are prima facie evidence of the facts stated; those

relating to the quantity, volume and condition of the cargo do not constitute evidence against the carrier

except so far as they both have been, and are stated in the air waybill to have been, checked by him in the

presence of the consignor, or relate to the apparent condition of the cargo.

12. (1) Subject to his liability to carry out all his obligations under the contract of carriage, the

consignor has the right to dispose of the cargo by withdrawing it at the aerodrome of departure or

destination, or by stopping it in the course of the journey on any landing, or by calling for it to be

delivered at the place of destination or in the course of the journey to a person other than the consignee

named in the air waybill, or by requiring it to be returned to the aerodrome of departure. He must not

exercise this right of disposition in such a way as to prejudice the carrier or other consignors and he must

repay any expenses occasioned by the exercise of this right.

(2) If it is impossible to carry out the orders of the consignor the carrier must so inform him forthwith.

(3) If the carrier obeys the orders of the consignor for the disposition of the cargo without requiring

the production of the part of the air waybill delivered to the latter, he will be liable, without prejudice to

his right of recovery from the consignor, for any damage which may be caused thereby to any person who

is lawfully in possession of that part of the air waybill.

(4) The right conferred on the consignor ceases at the moment when that of the consignee begins in

accordance with rule.

13. Nevertheless, if the consignee declines to accept the waybill or the cargo, or if he cannot be

communicated with, the consignor resumes his right of disposition.

13. (1) Except in the circumstances set out in the preceding rule, the consignee is entitled on arrival of

the cargo at the place of destination to require the carrier to hand over to him the air waybill and to deliver

the cargo to him, on payment of the charges due and on complying with the conditions of carriage set out

in the air waybill.

(2) Unless it is otherwise agreed, it is the duty of the carrier to give notice to the consignee as soon as

the cargo arrives.

(3) If the carrier admits the loss of the cargo, or if the cargo has not arrived at the expiration of seven

days after the date on which it ought to have arrived, the consignee is entitled to put into force against the

carrier the rights which flow from the contract of carriage.

14. The consignor and the consignee can respectively enforce all the rights given to them by rules 12

and 13, each in his own name, whether he is acting in his own interest or in the interest of another,

provided that he carries out the obligations imposed by the contract.

15. (1) Rules 12, 13 and 14 do not affect either the relations of the consignor or the consignee with

each other or the mutual relations of third parties whose rights are derived either from the consignor or

from the consignee.

(2) The provisions of rules 12, 13 and 14 can only be varied by express provision in the air waybill.

(3) Nothing in these rules prevents the issue of a negotiable air waybill.

16. (1) The consignor must furnish such information and attach to the air waybill such documents as

are necessary to meet the formalities of customs, octroi or police before the cargo can be delivered to the

consignee. The consignor is liable to the carrier for any damage occasioned by the absence, insufficiency

or irregularity of any such information or documents, unless the damage is due to the fault of the carrier

or his servants or agents.

(2) The carrier is under no obligation to enquire into the correctness or sufficiency of such

information or documents.

CHAPTER III

LIABILITY OF THE CARRIER

17. The carrier is liable for damage sustained in the event of the death or wounding of a passenger or

a passenger or any other bodily injury suffered by a passenger, if the accident which caused the damage

so sustained took place on board the aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking or

disembarking.

18. (1) The carrier is liabile for damage sustained in the event of the destruction or loss of, or of

damage to, any registered baggage or any cargo, if the occurrence which caused the damage so sustained

took place during the carriage by air.

(2) The carriage by air within the meaning of the preceding sub-rule comprises the period during

which the baggage or cargo is in charge of the carrier, whether in an aerodrome or on board an aircraft,

or, in the case of a landing outside an aerodrome, in any place whatsoever.

(3) The period of the carriage by air does not extend to any carriage by land, by sea or by river

performed outside an aerodrome. If, however, such a carriage takes place in the performance of a contract

for carriage by air, for the purpose of loading, delivery or transhipment, any damage is presumed, subject

to proof to the contrary, to have been the result of an event which took place during the carriage by air.

19. The carrier is liable for damage occasioned by delay in the carriage by air of passengers, baggage

or cargo.

20. The carrier is not liable if he proves that he and his servants or agents have taken all necessary

measures to avoid the damage or that it was impossible for him or them to take such measures.

21. If the carrier proves that the damage was caused by or contributed to by the negligence of the

injured person the Court may, in accordance with the provisions of its own law, exonerate the carrier

wholly or partly from his liability.

 22. (1) In the carriage of persons the liability of the carrier for each passenger is limited to the sum of

2,50,000 francs. Where, in accordance with the law of the Court seized of the case, damages may be

awarded in the form of periodical payments the equivalent capital value of the said payments shall not

exceed 2,50,000 francs. Nevertheless, by special contract, the carrier and the passenger may agree to a

higher limit of liability.

(2) (a) In the carriage of registered baggage and of cargo, the liability of the carrier is limited to a sum

of 250 francs per kilogramme, unless the passenger or consignor has made, at the time when the package

was handed over to the carrier, a special delaration of interest in delivery at destination and has paid a

supplementary sum if the case so requires. In that case the carrier will be liable to pay a sum not

exceeding the declared sum, unless he proves that that sum is greater than the passenger’s or consignor’s

actual interest in delivery at destination.

(b) In the case of loss, damage or delay of part of registered baggage or cargo, or of any object

contained therein, the weight to be taken into consideration in determining the amount to which the

carrier's liability is limited shall be only the total weight of the package or packages concerned.

Nevertheless, when the loss, damage or delay of a part of the registered baggage or cargo, or of an object

contained therein, affects the value of other packages covered by the same baggage check or the same air

waybill, the total weight of such package or packages shall also be taken into consideration in

determining the limit of liability.

(3) As regards objects of which the passenger takes charge himself the liability of the carrier is

limited to 5,00 francs per passenger.

(4) The limits prescribed in this rule shall not prevent the Court from awarding, in accordance with its

own law, in addition, the whole or part of the Court costs and of the other expenses of the litigation

incurred by the plaintiff. The foregoing provision shall not apply if the amount of the damages awarded,

excluding Court costs and other expenses of the litigation, does not exceed the sum which the carrier has

offered in writing to the plaintiff within a period of six months from the date of the occurrence causing

the damage, or before the commencement of the action, if that is later.

 (5) The sums mentioned in francs in this rule shall be deemed to refer to a currency unit consisting of

sixty-five and a half milligrammes of gold of millesimal fineness nine hundred. This sums may be

converted into national currencies in round figures. Conversion of the sums into national currencies other

than gold shall, in case of judicial proceedings, be made according to the gold value of such currencies of

the date of judgment.

23. (1) Any provision tending to relieve the carrier of liability or to fix a lower limit than that which is

laid down in these rules shall  be null and void, but the nullity of any such provision does not involve the

nullity of the whole contract, which shall remain subject to the provisions of these rules.

(2) Sub-rule (1) of this rule shall not apply to provisions governing loss or damage resulting from the

inherent defect, quality or vice of the cargo carried.

24. (1) In the cases covered by rules 18 and 19 any action for damages, however founded, can only be

brought subject to the conditions and limits set out in these rules.

(2) In the cases covered by rule 17, the provisions of the preceding sub-rule also apply, without

prejudice to the questions as to who are the persons who have the right to bring suit and what are their

respective rights.

25. The limits of liability specified in rule 22 shall not apply if it is proved that the damage resulted

from an act or omission of the carrier, his servants or agents, done with intent to cause damage or

recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result; provided that, in the case of such act

or omission of a servant or agent, it is also proved that he was acting within the scope of his employment.

26. (1) If an action is brought against a servant or agent of the carrier arising out of damage to which

these rules relate, such servant or agent, if he proves that he acted within the scope of his employment,

shall be entitled to avail himself of the limits of liability which that carrier himself is entitled to invoke

under rule 22.

 (2) The aggregate of the amounts recoverable from the carrier, his servants and agents, in that case,

shall not exceed the said limits.

(3) The provisions of sub-rules (1) and (2) of this rule shall not apply if it is proved that the damage

resulted from an act or omission of the servant or agent done with intent to cause damage or recklessly

and with knowledge that damage would probably result.

27. (1) Receipt by the person entitled to delivery of baggage or cargo without complaint is prima

facie evidence that the same has been delivered in good condition and in accordance with the document of

carriage.

(2) In the case of damage, the person entitled to delivery must complain to the carrier forthwith after

the discovery of the damage, and at the latest, within seven days from the date of receipt in the case of

baggage and fourteen days from the date of receipt in the case of cargo. In the case of delay the complaint

must be made at the latest within twenty-one days from the date on which the baggage or cargo have been

placed at his disposal.

(3) Every complaint must be made in writing upon the document of carriage or by separate notice in

writing despatched within the times aforesaid.

(4) Failing complaint within the times aforesaid, no action shall lie against the carrier, save in the case

of fraud on his part.

28. In the case of the death of the person liable, an action for damages lies in accordance with the

terms of these rules against those legally representing his estate.

29. (1) An action for damages must be brought, at the option of the plaintiff, in the territory of one of

the High Contracting Parties, either before the Court having jurisdiction where the carrier is ordinarily

resident, or has his principal place of business, or has an estabilishment by which the contract has been

made or before the Court having jurisdiction at the place of destination.

(2) Questions of procedure shall be governed by the law of the Court seized of the case.

30. (1) The right to damages shall be extinguished if an action is not brought within two years,

reckoned from the date of arrival at the destination, or from the date on which the aircraft ought to have

arrived, or from the date on which the carriage stopped.

(2) The method of calculating the period of limitation shall be determined by the law of the Court

seized of the case.

31. (1) In the case of carriage to be performed by various successive carriers and falling within the

definition set out in sub- rule (3) of rule 1, each carrier who accepts passengers, baggage or cargo is

subjected to the rules set out in this Schedule, and is deemed to be one of the contracting parties to the

contract of carriage in so far as the contract deals with that part of the carriage which is performed under

his supervision.

(2) In the case of carriage of this nature, the passenger or his representative can take action only

against the carrier who performed the carriage during which the accident or the delay occurred, save in

the case where, by express agreement, the first carrier has assumed liability for the whole journey.

(3) As regards baggage or cargo, the passenger or consignor will have a right of action against the

first carrier, and the passenger or consignee who is entitled to delivery will have a right of action against

the last carrier, and further, each may take action against the carrier who performed the carriage during

which the destruction, loss, damage or delay took place. These carriers will be jointly and severally liable

to the passenger or to the consignor or consignee.

CHAPTER IV

PROVISIONS RELATING TO COMBINED CARRIAGE

32. (1) In the case of combined carriage performed partly by air and partly by any other mode of

carriage, the provisions of this Schedule apply only to the carriage by air, provided that the carriage by air

falls within the terms of rule 1.

(2) Nothing in this Schedule shall prevent the parties in the case of combined carriage from inserting

in the document of air carriage conditions relating to other modes of carriage, provided that the provisions

of this Schedule are observed as regards the carriage by air.

CHAPTER V

GENERAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS

33. Any clause contained in the contract and all special agreements entered into before the damage

occurred by which the parties purport to infringe the rules laid down by this Schedule, whether by

deciding the law to be applied, or by altering the rules as to jurisdiction, shall be null and void.

Nevertheless for the carriage of cargo arbitration clauses are allowed, subject to these rules, if the

arbitration is to take place within one of the jurisdictions referred to in sub-rule (1) of rule 29.

34. Nothing contained in this Schedule shall prevent the carrier either from refusing to enter into any

contract of carriage, or from making regulations which do not conflict with the provisions of this

Schedule.

35. The provisions of rules 3 to 9 (inclusive) relating to documents of carriage shall not apply in the

case of carriage performed in extraordinary circumstances outside the normal scope of an air carrier’s

business.

36. The expression “days” when used in these rules means current days, not working days.

1[THE THIRD SCHEDULE

(See section 4A)

RULES

CHAPTER I

SCOPE OF APPLICATION

1. (1) These rules shall apply to all international carriage of persons, baggage or cargo performed by

aircraft for reward. They shall apply also to such carriage when performed gratuitously by an air transport

undertaking.

(2) In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(a) “baggage” means both checked baggage and unchecked baggage;

(b) “days” means calendar days and not working days;

(c) “depository” means the International Civil AviationOrganisation;

(d) “State Party” means a signatory or acceding State to the Montreal Convention whose

instrument of ratification or accession has been deposited with the depository.

(3) For the purposes of these rules, the expression “international carriage” means any carriage in

which, according to the agreement between the parties, the place of departure and the place of destination,

whether or not there be a break in the carriage or a transhipment, are situated either within the territories

of two State Parties, or within the territory of a single State Party if there is an agreed stopping place

within the territory of another State, even if that State is not a State Party. A carriage between two points

within the territory of a single State Party without an agreed stopping place within the territory of another

State shall not be deemed to be international carriage for the purposes of these rules.

(4) A carriage to be performed by several successive air carriers shall be deemed for the purposes of

these rules, to be one undivided carriage if it has been regarded by the parties as a single operation,

whether it has been agreed upon under the form of a single contract or of a series of contracts, and it shall

not lose its international character merely because one contract or a series of contracts is to be performed

entirely within the territory of the same State.

(5) These rules shall apply also to carriage as set out in Chapter V, subject to the terms contained

therein.

2. (1) These rules shall apply to carriage performed by the State or by legally constituted public

bodies provided it falls within the conditions laid down in rule 1.

(2) In the carriage of postal items, the carrier shall be liable only to the relevant postal administration

in accordance with the rules applicable to the relationship between the carriers and the postal

administration.

(3) Except as provided in sub-rule (2), these rules shall not apply to the carriage of postal items.

CHAPTER II

DOCUMENTATION AND DUTIES OF THE PARTIES RELATING TO THE CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS, BAGGAGE

AND CARGO

3. (1) In respect of carriage of passengers, an individual or collective document of carriage shall be

delivered containing—

(a) an indication of the places of departure and destination;

(b) if the places of departure and destination are within the territory of a single State Party, one or

more agreed stopping places being within the territory of another State, an indication of at least one of

such stopping places.

1. Ins. by Act 28 of 2009, s. 10 (w.e.f. 1-7-2009).

(2) Any other means which preserves the information indicated in sub-rule (1) may be substituted for

the delivery of the document referred to in that sub-rule. If any such other means is used, the carrier shall

offer to deliver to the passenger a written statement of the information so preserved.

(3) The carrier shall deliver to the passenger a baggage identification tag for each piece of checked

baggage.

(4) The passenger shall be given written notice to the effect that where these rules are applicable it

governs and may limit the liability of carriers in respect of death or injury and for destruction or loss of,

or damage to, baggage, and for delay.

(5) Non-compliance with the provisions of sub-rules (1), (2) and (3) shall not affect the existence or

the validity of the contract of carriage, which shall, nonetheless, be subject to these rules including those

relating to limitation of liability.

4. (1) In respect of the carriage of cargo, an air waybill shall be delivered.

(2) Any other means which preserves a record of the carriage to be performed may be substituted for

the delivery of an air waybill. If such other means are used, the carrier shall, if so requested by the

consignor, deliver to the consignor a cargo receipt permitting identification of the consignment and access

to the information contained in the record preserved by such other means.

5. The air waybill or the cargo receipt shall include—

(a) an indication of the places of departure and destination;

(b) if the places of departure and destination are within the territory of a single State Party, one or

more agreed stopping places being within the territory of another State, an indication of at least one of

such stopping places; and

(c) an indication of the weight of the consignment.

6. The consignor may be required, if necessary to meet the formalities of customs, police and similar

public authorities, to deliver a document indicating the nature of the cargo. This provision shall not create

for the carrier any duty, obligation or liability resulting therefrom.

7.  (1) The air waybill shall be made out by the consignor in three original parts. The first part shall be

marked “for the carrier” and it shall be signed by the consignor. The second part shall be marked “for the

consignee” and it shall be signed by the consignor and by the carrier. The third part shall be signed by the

carrier who shall hand it to the consignor after the cargo has been accepted.

(2) The signature of the carrier and of the consignor may be printed or stamped.

(3) If, at the request of the consignor, the carrier makes out the air waybill, the carrier shall be

deemed, subject to proof to the contrary, to have done so on behalf of the consignor.

8. When there is more than one package—

(a) the carrier has the right to require the consignor to make out separate air waybills;

(b) the consignor has the right to require the carrier to deliver separate cargo receipts when the

other means referred to in sub-rule (2) of rule 4 are used.

9. Non-compliance with the provisions of rules 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 shall not affect the existence or the

validity of the contract of carriage, which shall, nonetheless, be subject to these rules including those

relating to limitation of liability.

10. (1) The consignor is responsible for the correctness of the particulars and statements relating to

the cargo inserted by it or on its behalf in the air waybill or furnished by it or on its behalf to the carrier

for insertion in the cargo receipt or for insertion in the record preserved by the other means referred to in

sub-rule (2) of rule 4. The foregoing shall also apply where the person acting on behalf of the consignor is

also the agent of the carrier.

(2) The consignor shall indemnify the carrier against all damage suffered by it, or by any other person

to whom the carrier is liable, by reason of the irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of the

particulars and statements furnished by the consignor or on its behalf.

(3) Subject to the provisions of sub-rules (1) and (2), the carrier shall indemnify the consignor against

all damages suffered by it, or by any other person to whom the consignor is liable, by reason of the

irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of the particulars and statements inserted by the carrier or on

its behalf in the cargo receipt or in the record preserved by the other means referred to in sub-rule (2) of

rule 4.

11. (1) The air waybill or the cargo receipt shall be prima facie evidence of the conclusion of the

contract, of the acceptance of the cargo and of the conditions of carriage mentioned therein.

(2) Any statements in the air waybill or the cargo receipt relating to the weight, dimensions and

packing of the cargo, as well as those relating to the number of packages, are prima facie evidence of the

facts stated therein; those relating to the quantity, volume and condition of the cargo do not constitute

evidence against the carrier except so far as they both have been, and are stated in the air waybill or the

cargo receipt to have been, checked by it in the presence of the consignor, or relate to the apparent

condition of the cargo.

12. (1) Subject to its liability to carry out all its obligations under the contract of carriage, the

consignor has the right to dispose of the cargo by withdrawing it at the airport of departure or destination,

or by stopping it in the course of the journey on any landing, or by calling for it to be delivered at the

place of destination or in the course of the journey to a person other than the consignee originally

designated, or by requiring it to be returned to the airport of departure. The consignor shall not exercise

this right of disposition in such a way as to prejudice the carrier or other consignors and shall reimburse

any expenses occasioned by the exercise of this right.

(2) If it is impossible to carry out the instructions of the consignor, the carrier shall so inform the

consignor forthwith.

(3) If the carrier carries out the instructions of the consignor for the disposition of the cargo without

requiring the production of the part of the air waybill or the cargo receipt delivered to the latter, the carrier

shall be liable, without prejudice to its right of recovery from the consignor, for any damage which may

be caused thereby to any person who is lawfully in possession of that part of the air waybill or the cargo

receipt.

(4) The right conferred on the consignor ceases at the moment when that of the consignee begins in

accordance with rule 13. Nevertheless, if the consignee declines to accept the cargo, or cannot be

communicated with, the consignor shall resume its right of disposition.

13. (1) Except when the consignor has exercised its right under rule 12, the consignee shall be

entitled, on arrival of the cargo at the place of destination, to require the carrier to deliver the cargo to it,

on payment of the charges due and on complying with the conditions of carriage.

(2) Unless it is otherwise agreed, it shall be the duty of the carrier to give notice to the consignee as

soon as the cargo arrives.

(3) If the carrier admits the loss of the cargo, or if the cargo has not arrived at the expiration of seven

days after the date on which it ought to have arrived, the consignee shall be entitled to enforce against the

carrier the rights which flow from the contract of carriage.

14. The consignor and the consignee may respectively enforce all the rights given to them by rules 12

and 13, each in its own name, whether it is acting in its own interest or in the interest of another, provided

that it carries out the obligations imposed by the contract of carriage.

15. (1) The provisions of rules 12, 13 and 14 shall not affect either the relations of the consignor and

the consignee with each other or the mutual relations of third parties whose rights are derived either from

the consignor or from the consignee.

(2) The provisions of rules 12, 13 and 14 shall be varied only by express provision in the air waybill

or the cargo receipt.

16. (1) The consignor shall furnish such information and such documents as are necessary to meet the

formalities of customs, police and any other public authorities before the cargo can be delivered to the

consignee. The consignor shall be liable to the carrier for any damage occasioned by the absence,

insufficiency or irregularity of any such information or documents, unless the damage is due to the fault

of the carrier, its servants or agents.

(2) The carrier shall be under no obligation to enquire into the correctness or sufficiency of such

information or documents.

CHAPTER III

LIABILITY OF THE CARRIER AND EXTENT OF COMPENSATION FOR DAMAGES

17. (1) The carrier shall be liable for damages sustained in case of death or bodily injury of a

passenger upon condition only that the accident which caused the death or injury took place on board the

aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking.

(2) The carrier shall be liable for damages sustained in case of destruction or loss of, or of damage to

checked baggage upon condition only that the event which caused the destruction, loss or damage took

place on board the aircraft or during any period within which the checked baggage was in the charge of

the carrier. However, the carrier shall not be liable if and to the extent that the damage resulted from the

inherent defect, quality or vice of the baggage. In the case of unchecked baggage, including personal

items, the carrier is liable if the damage has resulted from its fault or that of its servants or agents.

(3) If the carrier admits the loss of the checked baggage, or if the checked baggage has not arrived at

the expiration of twenty-one days after the date on which it ought to have arrived, the passenger shall be

entitled to enforce against the carrier the rights which flow from the contract of carriage.

18. (1) The carrier shall be liable for damages sustained in the event of the destruction or loss of, or

damage to, cargo upon condition only that the event which caused the damage so sustained took place

during the carriage by air.

(2) However, the carrier shall not be liable if and to the extent it proves that the destruction, or loss of,

or damage to, the cargo resulted from one or more of the following:—

(a) inherent defect, quality or vice of that cargo;

(b) defective packing of that cargo performed by a person other than the carrier or its servants or

agents;

(c) an act of war or an armed conflict; and

(d) an act of public authority carried out in connection with the entry, exit or transit of the cargo.

(3) The carriage by air within the meaning of sub-rule (1) comprises the period during which the

cargo is in charge of the carrier.

(4) The period of the carriage by air shall not extend to any carriage by land, by sea or by inland

waterway performed outside an airport. If, however, such carriage takes place in the performance of a

contract for carriage by air, for the purpose of loading, delivery or transhipment, any damage is presumed,

subject to proof to the contrary, to have been the result of an event which took place during the carriage

by air. If a carrier, without the consent of the consignor, substitutes carriage by another mode of transport

for the whole or part of a carriage intended by the agreement between the parties to be carriage by air,

such carriage by another mode of transport is deemed to be within the period of carriage by air.

19. The carrier shall be liable for damage occasioned by delay in the carriage by air of passengers,

baggage or cargo. Nevertheless, the carrier shall not be liable for damage occasioned by delay if it proves

that it and its servants and agents took all measures that could reasonably be required to avoid the damage

or that it was impossible for it or them to take such measures.

20. If the carrier proves that the damages was caused or contributed to by the negligence or other

wrongful act or omission of the person claiming compensation, or the person from whom he or she

derives his or her rights, the carrier shall be wholly or partly exonerated from its liability to the claimant

to the extent that such negligence or wrongful act or omission caused or contributed to the damage. When

by reason of death or injury of a passenger compensation is claimed by a person other than the passenger,

the carrier shall likewise be wholly or partly exonerated from its liability to the extent that it proves that

the damage was caused or contributed to by the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of that

passenger. This rule applies to all the liability provisions of these rules, including sub-rule (1) of rule 21.

21. (1) For damages arising under sub-rule (1) of rule 17 not exceeding one lakh Special Drawing

Rights for each passenger, the carrier shall not be able to exclude or limit its liability.

(2) The carrier shall not be liable for damages arising under sub-rule (1) of rule 17 to the extent that

they exceed for each passenger one lakh Special Drawing Rights if the carrier proves that—

(a) such damage was not due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of the carrier or

its servants or agents; or

(b) such damage was solely due to the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of a third

party.

22. (1) In the case of damage caused by delay as specified in rule 19 in the carriage of persons, the

liability of the carrier for each passenger is limited to four thousand one hundred and fifty Special

Drawing Rights.

(2) In the carriage of baggage, the liability of the carrier in the case of destruction, loss, damage or

delay shall be limited to one thousand Special Drawing Rights for each passenger unless the passenger

has made, at the time when the checked baggage was handed over to the carrier, a special declaration of

interest in delivery at destination and has paid a supplementary sum, if so required. In that case, the

carrier shall be liable to pay a sum not exceeding the declared sum, unless it proves that the sum is greater

than the passenger's actual interest in delivery at destination.

(3) In the carriage of cargo, the liability of the carrier in the case of destruction, loss, damage or delay

is limited to a sum of seventeen Special Drawing Rights per kilogramme, unless the consignor has made,

at the time when the package was handed over to the carrier, a special declaration of interest in delivery at

destination and has paid a supplementary sum, if so required. In that case, the carrier shall be liable to pay

a sum not exceeding the declared sum, unless it proves that the sum is greater than the consignor's actual

interest in delivery at destination.

(4) In the case of delay, destruction, loss or damage of part of the cargo, or of any object contained

therein, the weight to be taken into consideration in determining the amount to which the carrier's liability

is limited shall be only the total weight of the package or packages concerned. Nevertheless, when the

delay, destruction, loss or damage of a part of the cargo, or of an object contained therein, affects the

value of other packages covered by the same air waybill, or the same receipt or, if they were not issued,

by the same record preserved by other means referred to in sub-rule (2) of rule 4, the total weight of such

package or packages shall also be taken into consideration in determining the limit of liability.

(5) The provisions of sub-rules (1) and (2) shall not apply if it is proved that the damage resulted from

an act or omission of the carrier, its servants or agents, done with intent to cause damage or recklessly and

with knowledge that damage would probably result:

Provided that, in the case of such act or omission of a servant or agent, it is also proved that such

servant or agent was acting within the scope of its employment.

(6) The limits prescribed in rule 21 and in this rule shall not prevent the court from awarding, in

accordance with its own law, in addition, the whole or part of the court costs and of the other expenses of

the litigation incurred by the plaintiff, including interest. The foregoing provision shall not apply if the

amount of the damages awarded, excluding court costs and other expenses of the litigation, does not

exceed the sum which the carrier has offered in writing to the plaintiff within a period of six months from

the date of the occurrence causing the damage, or before the commencement of the action, if that is later.

23. The sums mentioned in terms of Special Drawing Right in these rules shall be deemed to refer to

the Special Drawing Right as defined by the International Monetary Fund and its conversion into national

currencies shall, in case of judicial proceedings, be made in accordance with the method of valuation

applied by the International Monetary Fund, in effect at the date of the judgment, for its operations and

transactions.

24. (1) Without prejudice to the provisions of rule 25 and subject to sub-rule (2), the limits of liability

prescribed in rules 21, 22 and 23 shall be reviewed by the depository at five-year intervals, the first such

review to take place at the end of the fifth year following the date of coming into force of these rules. The

measure of the rate of inflation to be used in determining the inflation factor shall be the weighted average

of the annual rates of increase or decrease in the Consumer Price Indices of the States whose currencies

comprise the Special Drawing Right mentioned in rule 23.

(2) If the review referred to in sub-rule (1) concludes that the inflation factor has exceeded ten per

cent., the depositary shall notify State Parties of a revision of the limits of liability. Any such revision

shall become effective six months after its notification to the State Parties. If within three months after its

notification to the State Parties, a majority of the State Parties register their disapproval, the revision shall

not become effective and the depositary shall refer the matter to a meeting of the State Parties. The

depositary shall immediately notify all States Parties about the coming into force of any revision.

(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule (1), the procedure referred to in sub-rule (2) shall

be applied at any time provided that one-third of the State Parties express a desire to that effect and upon

condition that the inflation factor referred to in sub-rule (1) has exceeded thirty per cent.since the previous

revision or since the date of entry into force of the Montreal Convention if there has been no previous

revision. Subsequent reviews using the procedure specified in sub-rule (1) shall take place at five-year

intervals starting at the end of the fifth year following the date of the reviews under the provisions of this

sub-rule.

25. A carrier may stipulate that the contract of carriage shall be subject to higher limits of liability

than those provided for in these rules or to no limits of liability whatsover.

26. Any provision tending to relieve the carrier of liability or to fix a lower limit than that which is

laid down in these rules shall be null and void, but the nullity of any such provision does not involve the

nullity of the whole contract, which shall remain subject to the provisions of these rules.

27. Nothing contained in these rules shall prevent the carrier from refusing to enter into any contract

of carriage, from waiving any defence available in these rules, or from laying down conditions, which are

not contrary to the provisions of these rules.

28. Notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time being in force, where the

aircraft accident results in death or injury of passengers, the carrier shall make advance payments without

delay to a natural person or persons who are entitled to claim compensation in order to meet the

immediate economic needs of such persons. Such advance payments shall not constitute a recognition of

liability and may be offset against any amounts subsequently paid as damages by the carrier.

29. In the carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo, any action for damages, however founded,

whether under these rules or in contract or in tort or otherwise, can only be brought subject to the

conditions and such limits of liability as are set out in these rules without prejudice to the question as to

who are the persons who have the right to bring suit and what are their respective rights. In any such

action, punitive, exemplary or any other non-compensatory damages shall not be recoverable.

30. (1) If an action is brought against a servant or agent of the carrier arising out of damage to which

these rules relate, such servant or agent, if they prove that they acted within the scope of their

employment, shall be entitled to avail themselves of the conditions and limits of liability which the carrier

itself is entitled to invoke under these rules.

(2) The aggregate of the amounts recoverable from the carrier, its servants and agents, in that case,

shall not exceed the said limits.

(3) Except in respect of the carriage of cargo, the provisions of sub-rules (1) and (2) shall not apply if

it is proved that the damage resulted from an act or omission of the servant or agent done with intent to

cause damage or recklessly and with the knowledge that damage would probably result.

31. (1) Receipt by the person entitled to delivery of checked baggage or cargo without complaint is

prima facie evidence that the same has been delivered in good condition and in accordance with the

document of carriage or with the record preserved by the other means referred to in sub-rule (2) of rule 3

and sub-rule (2) of rule 4.

(2) In the case of damage, the person entitled to delivery shall make a complaint to the carrier

forthwith after the discovery of the damage, and, at the latest, within seven days from the date of receipt

in the case of checked baggage and fourteen days from the date of receipt in the case of cargo. In the case

of delay, the complaint shall be made at the latest within twenty-one days from the date on which the

baggage or cargo have been placed at his disposal.

(3) Every complaint shall be made in writing and given or dispatched within the period specified in

sub-rule (2).

(4) If no complaint is made within the period specified in sub-rule (2), no action shall lie against the

carrier, except in the case of fraud committed by the carrier.

32. In the case of the death of the person liable, an action for damages lies in accordance with these

rules against those legally representing his or her estate.

33. (1) An action for damages shall be brought, at the option of the claimant of damages, in the

territory of one of the State Parties, either before the court of the domicile of the carrier or of its principal

place of business, or where it has a place of business through which the contract has been made or before

the court at the place of destination.

(2) In respect of damage resulting from the death or injury of a passenger, an action may be brought

before one of the courts mentioned in sub-rule (1), or in the territory of a State Party in which at the time

of the accident the passenger has his or her principal and permanent residence and to or from which the

carrier operates services for the carriage of passengers by air, either on its own aircraft, or on another

carrier's aircraft pursuant to a commercial agreement, and in which that carrier conducts its business of

carriage of passengers by air from premises leased or owned by the carrier itself or by another carrier with

which it has a commercial agreement.

(3) For the purposes of sub-rule (2)—

(a) “commercial agreement” means an agreement, other than an agency agreement, made

between carriers and relating to the provision of their joint services for carriage of passengers by air;

(b) “principal and permanent residence” means the one fixed and permanent abode of the

passenger at the time of the accident. The nationality of the passenger shall not be the determining

factor in this regard.

(4) Questions of procedure shall be governed by the law of the court seized of the case.

34.(1) Subject to the provisions of this rule, the parties to the contract of carriage for cargo may

stipulate that any dispute relating to the liability of the carrier under these rules shall be settled by

arbitration. Such agreement shall be in writing.

(2) The arbitration proceedings shall, at the option of the claimant, take place within one of the

jurisdictions referred to in rule 33.

(3) The arbitrator or arbitration tribunal shall apply the provisions of these rules.

(4) The provisions of sub-rules (2) and (3) shall be deemed to be part of every arbitration clause or

agreement, and any term of such clause or agreement which is inconsistent therewith shall be null and

void.

35. (1) The right to damages shall be extinguished if an action is not brought within a period of two

years, reckoned from the date of arrival at the destination, or from the date on which the aircraft ought to

have arrived, or from the date on which the carriage stopped.

(2) The method of calculating the period shall be determined by the law of the court seized of the

case.

36. (1) In the case of carriage to be performed by various successive carriers and falling within the

definition set out in sub-rule (4) of rule 1, each carrier which accepts passengers, baggage or cargo shall

be subject to the provisions of these rules and shall be deemed to be one of the parties to the contract of

carriage in so far as the contract deals with that part of the carriage which is performed under its

supervision.

(2) In the case of carriage of this nature, the passenger or any person entitled to compensation shall be

entitled to take action only against the carrier which performed the carriage during which the accident or

the delay occurred, except where, by express agreement, the first carrier has assumed liability for the

whole journey.

(3) In respect of baggage or cargo, the passenger or consignor shall have a right of action against the

first carrier, and the passenger or consignee who is entitled to delivery shall have a right of action against

the last carrier, and further, each may take action against the carrier which performed the carriage during

which the delay, destruction, loss or damage took place. These carriers shall be jointly and severally liable

to the passenger or to the consignor or consignee.

37. Nothing in these rules shall prejudicially affect the right of a person liable for damages to take

recourse against any other person.

CHAPTER IV

COMBINED CARRIAGE

38. (1) In the case of combined carriage performed partly by air and partly by any other mode of

carriage, the provisions of these rules shall, subject to the provisions of sub-rule (4) of rule 18, apply only

to the carriage by air, provided that the carriage by air falls within the meaning of rule 1.

(2) Nothing in these rules shall prevent the parties in the case of combined carriage from inserting in

the document of air carriage conditions relating to other modes of carriage, provided that the provisions of

these rules are observed with regard to carriage by air.

CHAPTER V

CARRIAGE BY AIR PERORMED BY A PERSON OTHER THAN THE CONTRACTING CARRIER

39. The provisions of this Chapter shall apply when a person (hereinafter referred to as the

contracting carrier) as a principal makes a contract of carriage under these rules with a passenger or

consignor or with a person acting on behalf of the passenger or consignor, and another person (hereinafter

referred to as the actual carrier) performs, by virtue of authority from the contracting carrier, the whole or

part of the carriage, but is not with respect to such part, a successive carrier within the meaning of these

rules. Such authority shall be presumed in the absence of proof to the contrary.

40. If an actual carrier performs the whole or part of carriage which, according to the contract referred

to in rule 39, is governed by these rules, both the contracting carrier and the actual carrier shall, except as

otherwise provided in this Chapter, be subject to the provisions of these rules, the former for the whole of

the carriage contemplated in the contract, the latter solely for the carriage which it performs.

41.(1) The acts and omissions of the actual carrier and of its servants and agents acting within the

scope of their employment shall, in relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, be deemed to

be also those of the contracting carrier.

(2) The acts and omissions of the contracting carrier and of its servants and agents acting within the

scope of their employment shall, in relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, be deemed to

be also those of the actual carrier. Nevertheless, no such act or omission shall subject the actual carrier to

liability exceeding the amounts referred to in rules 21, 22, 23 and 24. Any special agreement under which

the contracting carrier assumes obligations not imposed by the provisions of these rules or any waiver of

rights or defences conferred by the provisions of these rules or any special declaration of interest in

delivery at destination contemplated in rule 22 shall not affect the actual carrier unless agreed to by it.

42. Any complaint to be made or instruction to be given under the provisions of these rules to the

carrier shall have the same effect whether addressed to the contracting carrier or to the actual carrier.

Nevertheless, instructions referred to in rule 12 shall only be effective if addressed to the contracting

carrier.

43. In relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, any servant or agent of that carrier or of

the contracting carrier shall, if they prove that they acted within the scope of their employment, be

entitled to avail themselves of the conditions and limits of liability which are applicable under the

provisions of these rules to the carrier whose servant or agent they are, unless it is proved that they acted

in a manner that prevents the limits of liability from being invoked in accordance with the provisions of

these rules.

44. In relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, the aggregate of the amounts

recoverable from that carrier and the contracting carrier, and from their servants and agents acting within

the scope of their employment, shall not exceed the highest amount which shall be awarded against either

the contracting carrier or the actual carrier under the provisions of these rules, but none of the persons

mentioned shall be liable for a sum in excess of the limit applicable to that person.

45. In relation to the carriage performed by the actual carrier, an action for damages may be brought,

at the option of the complainant, against that carrier or the contracting carrier, or against both together or

separately. If the action is brought against only one of these carriers, that carrier shall have the right to

require the other carrier to be joined in the proceedings, the procedure and effects being governed by the

law of the court seized of the case.

46. Any action for damages contemplated in rule 45 must be brought, at the option of the

complainant, in the territory of one of the State Parties, either before a court in which an action may be

brought against the contracting carrier, as provided under rule 33, or before the court having jurisdiction

at the place where the actual carrier has its domicile or its principal place of business.

47. Any contractual provision tending to relieve the contracting carrier or the actual carrier of liability

under this Chapter or to fix a lower limit than that which is applicable according to this Chapter shall be

null and void, but the nullity of any such provision does not involve the nullity of the whole contract,

which shall remain subject to the provisions of this Chapter.

48. Except as provided in rule 45, nothing in this Chapter shall affect the rights and obligations of the

carriers between themselves, including any right of recourse or indemnification.

CHAPTER VI

GENERAL AND FINAL PROVISIONS

49. Any clause contained in the contract of carriage and all special agreements entered into before the

damage occurred by which the parties purport to infringe the rules laid down by these rules, whether by

deciding the law to be applied, or by altering the rules as to jurisdiction, shall be null and void.

50. State Parties shall require their carriers to maintain adequate insurance covering their liability

under the provisions of these rules. A carrier may be required to furnish evidence that it maintains

adequate insurance covering its liability under the provisions of these rules.

51. The provisions of rules 3, 4, 5, 7 and 8 relating to the documentation of carriage shall not apply in

the case of carriage performed in extraordinary circumstances outside the normal scope of a carrier’s

business.

52. The expression “days” when used in this Schedule means calendar days and not working days.